Waves close wavesVibrations that transfer energy from place to place without the transference of matter. - including sound and light - can be reflected at the boundary between two different materials.

The first law of refraction states that the incident rays, refracted rays, and the normal to the interface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The ratio of the sine of the angle of ...

Optical forces, which act like an invisible "hand," are capable of precisely controlling tiny particles. Optical tweezers, a well-known tool, use this force to capture and manipulate small objects ...