Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Compared to the simple diode needed to demodulate AM radio signals, the detector circuits used for FM are slightly more complicated. Wrapping your head around phase detectors, ratio detectors, ...

This application note involves the use of RIGOL’s instruments for FM signal generation and analysis. An arbitrary waveform generator will be used to produce the signal and a spectrum waveform analyzer ...

The master timing control circuit for most electronic applications is a precision signal source. For digital applications, it’s an accurate clock. In RF applications, it’s a carrier source for a ...

Emerging, data-intensive technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning are gaining popularity. Data centers, which act as the essential infrastructure for these technologies, need to ...

Testing FM receivers is not that much different than testing other pieces of audio equipment. Appropriate tests include the big six: level, frequency response, THD+N, phase, interchannel crosstalk, ...

What is pulse width modulation? Pulse width modulation (PWM) is a powerful digital technique for controlling analog circuits with a microprocessor’s digital outputs. PWM is employed in a wide variety ...

Fig. 1: A simplified linear detector circuit of the Bose FM multiplex detector from the patent documents. Fig. 2: John Bose enjoys a hearty meal in the Alpine FM transmitter building in July, 1939.

Bacteria employ complex signaling networks for adaptive gene control in changing environments. Bacterial second messenger molecules such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) relay external environmental signals into ...

(1) An earlier magnetic disk encoding method that places clock bits onto the medium along with the data bits. It was superseded by MFM and RLL. FM radio was invented in the early 1930s by Edwin Howard ...